First- and Second-Order Logics Suppose I show you an apple, and ask you: Is it one truth, or is it many? What will you answer? Here are some facts to consider. The taste, smell, color, shape, size, and weight are many truths about the apple. So, obviously, there are many […]
Mathematics / Philosophy / Physics
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Fundamental Failures of Modern Science
Problems in Scientific Idea of Knowledge Modern science uses a model of knowledge based on axioms, logic, objectivity, mathematics, and mechanism. Axioms are the basic truth. From it, other truths are derived by logic. Since the axioms are fixed, therefore, to test these against reality, each thing must also be […]
Mathematics / Religion
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Reincarnation—The Most Essential Spiritual Truth
Four Positions on Reincarnation Some religions accept a soul without reincarnation while others accept reincarnation without a soul. In this post, I will talk about why a soul without reincarnation is problematic but reincarnation without a soul is not. We will divide ideologies into four—(a) reincarnation with a soul, (b) […]
Mathematics / Philosophy
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The Invention of Zero
Zero and Conscious Experience It is often said that Indians invented the zero, which then allowed the invention of negative numbers, complex numbers, and then modern mathematics and physics. The Roman numeral system (which followed the Greek system of counting) did not have zero. After all, zero represented “nothing”, which […]
Mathematics
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The Reality of Rational and Irrational Numbers
Introduction to the Problem In an earlier article we talked about the problem of mathematical realism of negative and complex numbers; the issue was that you can construct these numbers logically and conceptually, but you will never find them in the real world. The problem of irrational numbers is the opposite: […]
Mathematics
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Do Negative and Imaginary Numbers Exist?
Philosophical Reality of Numbers Numbers for the greater part of history have been viewed alternately as concepts and as quantities. Now, this raises problems about many types of numbers, which include negative numbers and imaginary numbers, because these cannot be viewed as quantities although there are compelling theories that can […]
Logic / Mathematics / Philosophy
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The Sāńkhya Theory of Five Elements
Introduction and Overview This article elaborates on the Sāńkhya theory of the five “gross” elements. The theory is rather complicated, and not well-understood today. One primary source of confusions is a comparison between the Sāńkhya elements and the Greek elements going by the same name. This article will hopefully illustrate […]