Sāñkhya philosophy described prakṛti or nature in terms of three qualities called sattva, rajas, and tamas, which constitute three logical opposites. Since everyone finds it hard to visualize ternary opposites, therefore, the same three qualities are also described in terms of binary opposites. Below is one way to describe them […]
Logic / Philosophy
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The Paradigm of Face and Mask
The Nature of First-Order Logic What most people call logic is technically called first-order logic. The nomenclature suggests that there must be second-, third-, fourth-, and infinite other higher-order logics. Most people are unaware of these higher-order logics because they violate the three principles of first-order logic—(a) the law of […]
Logic / Philosophy
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The Inseparability of Epistemology, Ontology, and Logic
The Effect of Western Dualisms Since Greek times, Western philosophy has separated subjects from each other. These include epistemology (how we know), ontology (what exists), and logic (relations between propositions). The separation relies on two dualisms. First, the dualism of mind and body in which epistemology pertains to the mind […]
Philosophy / Physics
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What is Einstein’s Theory of Relativity?
Classical vs. Modern Space and Time Newtonian mechanics came out of a separation of space, time, and matter, which had not existed in European thinking previously. Early Greeks spoke of four substances called Earth, Water, Fire, and Air and did not recognize space and time as categories separate from substances. […]
Mathematics / Philosophy / Physics
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Fundamental Failures of Modern Science
Problems in Scientific Idea of Knowledge Modern science uses a model of knowledge based on axioms, logic, objectivity, mathematics, and mechanism. Axioms are the basic truth. From it, other truths are derived by logic. Since the axioms are fixed, therefore, to test these against reality, each thing must also be […]
Philosophy
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Platonism vs. Universalism
Transformation of Platonism into Univeralism Plato is credited with the idea of a world of pure forms, of which the present world is an imperfect reflection. For example, there is a pure form of man, after which ordinary men are modeled as imperfect reflections. Thus, according to Plato, we compare […]
Philosophy / Physics
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The Illusion of Space, Time, and Motion
The Description of the World as Māyā Modern science emerged from the distinction between space, time, and motion. It required the space, time, and motion to be continuous and smooth, which were formulated as axioms in calclus. The concepts of continuity and smoothness in calculus are false because bodies (such […]