The Reason for Writing This Article In a recent conversation, someone asked me: “Is the universe causally closed?” For a moment I was stumped because I realized that what he is really asking is whether God intervenes in the universe. If God intervenes in the universe, then the universe is […]
Biology
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How Living Systems Violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Hypothesis of the Maxwell’s Demon When James Clerk Maxwell proposed the second law of thermodynamics, he envisioned a thought experiment in which two chambers of gas were joined by a small door under the control of a ‘demon’ who would selectively open the door depending on which direction the gas […]
Philosophy / Physics
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The Cyclic Model of Causality
The How and Why of Causality In modern science, causes are equated to forces. These forces represent how change occurs; it involves explaining the creation of a trajectory. However, forces don’t explain why change occurs, which involves the goal or destination along with a moral justification of the goal. For […]