Religions Frame Alternative Logics There is a widespread assumption at present that religion is independent of logic. Under this assumption, people might insist that claims of religion must be “logical”—i.e., follow the principles of identity, non-contradiction, and excluded middle. This attitude is predominantly Western because alternative logical systems have either […]
Computing / Logic / Mathematics / Philosophy
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Sāńkhya, Reductionism, and New Science
Introduction and Overview Many people believe modern science is reductionist and an alternative anti-reductionist science must replace it. This article discusses why Sāńkhya is reductionist—because it reduces everything to only three modes of nature (sattva, rajas, and tamas). It also discusses why Sāńkhya is anti-reductionist—because the first mode of nature in […]
Philosophy / Politics / Sociology
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Dialectical Materialism and Sāńkhya
Introduction and Overview The world around us is filled with dualities or oppositions. There are two main resolutions of this duality as we have seen earlier—(1) finding the relation between the opposing ideas and the next “higher level” idea from which these oppositions were created, and (2) finding a quantitative […]
Logic / Mathematics / Philosophy
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The Construction of Semantic Space
Introduction and Overview This article discusses how locations in a conceptual space are defined differently than in a physical space. A physical space defines locations in relation to an origin, whereas a conceptual space defines locations in relation to a boundary. In a physical space, points are constructed through absolute […]